Public Administration || Paper 1 || Behaviour

Process and Techniques of Decision Making

1.   Brain-storming (BY Alex Osborne)

2.   Synectics (By William Gordon)

3.   Nominal Grouping (Dellbecq)

4.   Delphi technique (Review by experts)

5.   Consensus making (Bottom to Top)

Other quantitative Decision Making Techniques: Decision Tree; Linear Programming; Game Theory; Waiting Line Technique; Operation Research.

Communication

1.   Life blood of organization;

2.   Formal and Informal type (Grapevine);

3.   Verbal and non-verbal communication;

4.   Verbal communication – written or oral;

Motivation

1.   Carrot and stick Policy;

2.   Need > Drive > Goal > Satisfaction.

3.   Content Theories:

a.   Maslow’s Hierarchy – Physiological, Security, Belongingness, self esteem and Self actualization; Pre-potency of needs; Need mix – other needs may be present but only one is pre-potent;

b.   Herzberg – Hygiene vs Motivation factors; Job enlargement Vs Job enrichment;

c.   Mcclelan – n(affiliation); n(power); n(achievement);

d.   Alderfer’s ERG -  Existence, Relatedness and Growth; It also contained the Frustration-Regression dimension;

4.   Process Theories:

a.   Stacy Adam’s Equity Theory;

b.   Vroom’s Expectancy theory – Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy (E.g. Performance, Promotion and Rating respectively);

5.   Contemporary Theories:

a.   Reinforcement Theory;

b.   Skinner’s operant conditioning;

Leadership

1.   Spontaneous; Charismatic; Emotional.

2.   Trait Theory – Grand old man theory; 145 traits;

3.   Behavioural Theories

a.   IOWA study

b.   OHIO study

c.   Michigan study

d.   Management Grid – By Blake and Moulton; (1,1) Impoverished Leader; (9,1) Task manager; (9,9) Ideal leader; (1,9) Country club; (5,5) Middle of the road;

e.   Management Systems 1-4 by Likert.

4.   Situational Theories

a.   Democratic autocratic continuum;

b.   Fidler’s contingency model – Least preferred co-worker;

c.   Robert House’s Path-goal model; Effort> Performance > Goal attainment > Satisfaction.