Public Administration || Paper 1 || Public Policy

Background

1.   Initial ideas on policy found in Code of Hammurabi

2.   Machiavelli (The Prince), Montesquieu (The Spirit of Laws) and Rousseau (Social Contract) talked about it.

3.   Harold Lasswel is considered as father of policy sciences. His Publications – “The policy orientation” and “Policy sciences of democracy”.

4.   Other late contributors: David Easton, Herbert Simon, Charles Lindbloom etc.

Models of policy making

1.   Institutional Model

2.   Group Model

3.   Elite Model

4.   Marxist Model

5.   Rational Model (Herbert Simon)

6.   Incremental Model ( Charles Lindbloom)

7.   Mixed Scanning ( Amitai Etzioni)

8.   Garbage Cane Model ( John Kingdon)

9.   Game Theory (Prisoner’s dilemma)

10.   Normative Optimum Model ( Y. Dror)

11.   Allison Model (Rationalism + Incremental+ Behaviorism + Negotiation) ( best Model )

Policy Making Process

1.   Agenda Setting – Policy Recognition; Policy generation and Political action.

2.   Policy Formulation

3.   Policy Implementation

4.   Policy Monitoring

5.   Policy Evaluation

Political Implementation

1.   Presman & Wildavsky – Top-down model; Bottom-up model;

2.   Richard Elmore – Systems Management; Bureaucratic; Organizational development; Conflict and bargaining.

Policy Monitoring

1.   Anderson – Management model; System and performance model.

2.   In case of malfunctioning – Replan (resource); Replant (structure); Correction and cancellation.

Policy Evaluation

1.   This is retrospective in nature unlike monitoring.

2.   Parameters: Effectiveness; Efficiency; Equity; Adequacy; Utilitarianism; Pareto Optimality; Responsiveness; Appropriateness.

3.   By Agency itself or external;

Interest Groups/Pressure groups

1.   Types – Private or sectional; Public or promotional;

2.   Strategy used by them – Information, Power and Shifting of forum.

3.   James Q Wilson Matrix – Majoritarian, Client Group, Entrenchment and Interest Group.