Public Administration || Paper 2 || Evolution

Arthashahtra by Kautilya

1.   Means of livelihood;

2.   Palana & Lobha;

3.   Philosophy of Political Realism;

4.   Principles of administration, machinery and personnel;

5.   Principles were all present but implicit;

6.   As a solution to the matsanyay;

7.   Various tests like Bhayopadha and Kamopadha;

The Saptang Theory

1.   King/Swami – Dharma; Free from Kama, Krodh, madh and Lobh; Duties of varnadharma, ashramdharma, kantakshodhan etc;

2.   Amatya/Mantri – Assisting the king; Act like Council; Head of department; Collection of taxes.

3.   Kosh – Superintendent; Treasure general; Collector General; Budget described as Ayasarira and Vyaysarira; Samhartar (Agri.); Go-Adhyasha; Panya-Adhyaksha(Trade);

4.   Janpada – the populace.

5.   Durg – Audak(water); Parvata; Dhanavan(desert); Van Durg;

6.   Danda.

7.   Mitra – Ally, relations with the other kingdoms;

Sciences that nobles ought to know

1.   Anvikshika – Philosophy and Logic

2.   Trayi – The knowledge of vegas.

3.   Varta - economics

4.   Dandaniti

Mughal Administration

1.   Features of Official Nobility and centralized despotism;

2.   Military administration;

3.   Based upon paternalistic benevolence;

4.   Decentralization of administration.

5.   Parochial self-governance.

6.   Office bearers – CoM Diwan/Wazir (Revenue); Sadar (guardian of Islamic laws); Qazi-ul-quzat (Justice); Mir Bakshi (Military Head); Muhtasib (Censorship); Khan-i-saman (Servants);

Further important developments

1.   1793 Cornwallis Code – Covenanted and Non-covenanted services; Liberal remuneration.

2.   1854 Macauley committee

3.   1886 Aitchison Commission – Abolished the distinction of covenanted and non-covenanted; Imperial, provincial and subordinate levels of services.

4.   1923 Lee commission – Federal Public Service Commission.