Friday, July 31, 2015

Public Administration || Paper 2 || Evolution

Arthashahtra by Kautilya
1.   Means of livelihood;
2.   Palana & Lobha;
3.   Philosophy of Political Realism;
4.   Principles of administration, machinery and personnel;
5.   Principles were all present but implicit;
6.   As a solution to the matsanyay;
7.   Various tests like Bhayopadha and Kamopadha;


The Saptang Theory
1.   King/Swami – Dharma; Free from Kama, Krodh, madh and Lobh; Duties of varnadharma, ashramdharma, kantakshodhan etc;
2.   Amatya/Mantri – Assisting the king; Act like Council; Head of department; Collection of taxes.
3.   Kosh – Superintendent; Treasure general; Collector General; Budget described as Ayasarira and Vyaysarira; Samhartar (Agri.); Go-Adhyasha; Panya-Adhyaksha(Trade);
4.   Janpada – the populace.
5.   Durg – Audak(water); Parvata; Dhanavan(desert); Van Durg;
6.   Danda.
7.   Mitra – Ally, relations with the other kingdoms;


Sciences that nobles ought to know
1.   Anvikshika – Philosophy and Logic
2.   Trayi – The knowledge of vegas.
3.   Varta - economics
4.   Dandaniti



Mughal Administration
1.   Features of Official Nobility and centralized despotism;
2.   Military administration;
3.   Based upon paternalistic benevolence;
4.   Decentralization of administration.
5.   Parochial self-governance.
6.   Office bearers – CoM Diwan/Wazir (Revenue); Sadar (guardian of Islamic laws); Qazi-ul-quzat (Justice); Mir Bakshi (Military Head); Muhtasib (Censorship); Khan-i-saman (Servants);


Further important developments
1.   1793 Cornwallis Code – Covenanted and Non-covenanted services; Liberal remuneration.
2.   1854 Macauley committee
3.   1886 Aitchison Commission – Abolished the distinction of covenanted and non-covenanted; Imperial, provincial and subordinate levels of services.

4.   1923 Lee commission – Federal Public Service Commission. 

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